{"id":16115,"date":"2023-09-13T14:55:57","date_gmt":"2023-09-13T12:55:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/u-paris.fr\/centre-politiques-terre\/?p=16115"},"modified":"2026-01-27T18:46:01","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T17:46:01","slug":"napalair","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/u-paris.fr\/centre-politiques-terre\/napalair\/","title":{"rendered":"NAPALAIR"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Ce projet de recherche interdisciplinaire et participatif<\/strong> est issu d\u2019une sollicitation des chercheurs de l\u2019Atelier d\u2019\u00c9cologie Politique de Toulouse<\/a> (At\u00e9copol<\/strong>) par le collectif APROVA<\/a> \u00e0 propos de l\u2019impact sur la nappe phr\u00e9atique de l\u2019activit\u00e9 de gravi\u00e8res. Le projet a donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 une exposition arts-sciences intitul\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0Panique phr\u00e9atique ?\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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Il \u00e9tait une fois, NAPALAIR<\/h3>\n

Une recherche \u00e0 l\u2019interface sciences \/ soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/h4>\n

\u00c0 l\u2019automne 2022, apr\u00e8s un \u00e9t\u00e9 particuli\u00e8rement chaud et sec caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par des rationnements d\u2019eau d\u00e9cr\u00e9t\u00e9s par les autorit\u00e9s publiques, des citoyens et citoyennes d\u2019Ari\u00e8ge ont sollicit\u00e9 des universitaires toulousains pour monter une recherche autour de l\u2019impact des gravi\u00e8res sur la ressource en eau.
Ces habitants et habitantes du territoire, membres de l\u2019association APROVA, s\u2019inqui\u00e8tent depuis longtemps de l\u2019extension d\u2019activit\u00e9s d\u2019extraction de granulats au d\u00e9triment des terres agricoles, et mettant en p\u00e9ril, selon eux et elles, l\u2019eau souterraine<\/a>, tout en transformant brutalement le paysage rural.
D\u00e9sireuses de travailler en interdisciplinarit\u00e9 entre sciences naturelles et humaines, \u00e0 l\u2019interface science\/soci\u00e9t\u00e9, nous avons mont\u00e9 une \u00e9quipe, cherch\u00e9 un financement et \u00e9labor\u00e9 un projet de recherche. NAPALAIR est ainsi un projet de recherche interdisciplinaire<\/a>, \u00e0 cheval entre les sciences de l\u2019environnement (universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier) et les sciences sociales (universit\u00e9 Jean Jaur\u00e8s).<\/p>\n

Assumer la complexit\u00e9<\/h4>\n

L\u2019objectif du projet NAPALAIR consistait \u00e0 d\u00e9m\u00ealer la pelote de fils d\u2019une situation complexe de fragilisation de la ressource en eau en basse Ari\u00e8ge. Certains militants nous disaient : \u00ab la situation est on ne peut plus simple : les gravi\u00e8res d\u00e9truisent la nappe \u00bb. Inutile, d\u2019apr\u00e8s eux, de chercher \u00e0 compliquer les choses.
Mais complexe n\u2019est pas synonyme de compliqu\u00e9. Complexe, c\u2019est ce qui est tiss\u00e9 ensemble. S\u00e9parez les fils d\u2019un tapis et vous perdrez aussit\u00f4t le motif entier que l\u2019entrelacement des fils formait. \u00ab Nous avons trop bien appris \u00e0 s\u00e9parer ; il vaut mieux apprendre \u00e0 relier \u00bb nous dit le philosophe Edgar Morin, qui a consacr\u00e9 la quasi-totalit\u00e9 de son \u0153uvre \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de la complexit\u00e9. Ainsi, pour relier les humains et les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes par-del\u00e0 nos disciplines scientifiques sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es, nous avons choisi de revisiter 3 repr\u00e9sentations courantes :<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Repr\u00e9senter l\u2019invisible<\/strong> : Comment comprendre le fonctionnement d\u2019une nappe phr\u00e9atique et la repr\u00e9senter ? La repr\u00e9sentation courante d’une nappe phr\u00e9atique comme une poche d\u2019eau souterraine est-elle valable?<\/li>\n
  2. D\u00e9crire le m\u00e9tabolisme du territoire<\/strong> : Quelle est la destination des flux de granulats ? \u00c0 qui cette extraction profite-t-elle? Et, \u00e0 l\u2019inverse, d\u2019o\u00f9 proviennent les d\u00e9chets que l\u2019on utilise pour remblayer les plans d\u2019eau ainsi cr\u00e9\u00e9s ?<\/li>\n
  3. Questionner le paysage rural et les rapports que les habitant.e.s entretiennent avec lui<\/strong> : L\u2019extension des gravi\u00e8res porterait atteinte \u00e0 un paysage agricole consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme traditionnel et familier. Mais de quand date ce paysage agricole, fortement remani\u00e9 par le remembrement et la monoculture intensive de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales destin\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019export ? Pourquoi l\u2019extraction de granulats est-elle per\u00e7ue comme plus n\u00e9faste ?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    Une question socialement vive<\/h4>\n

    Un choix m\u00e9thodologique fort :<\/strong> Nous n\u2019avons pas cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 produire de nouvelles donn\u00e9es quantitatives. Nous avons concentr\u00e9 nos efforts sur la synth\u00e8se et l\u2019analyse interdisciplinaire de la tr\u00e8s abondante documentation disponible sur le sujet. 135 documents ont \u00e9t\u00e9 synth\u00e9tis\u00e9s pour aboutir au contenu de l\u2019exposition arts-sciences \u00ab\u00a0Panique phr\u00e9atique ?<\/a>\u00ab\u00a0.
    Rencontrer les acteurs et actrices du territoire :<\/strong> Afin de recueillir une multiplicit\u00e9 de points de vue sur la question, nous avons proc\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 une cinquantaine d\u2019entretiens qualitatifs semi-directifs avec des acteurs et actrices du territoire. Inclure plusieurs points de vue permet de neutraliser les biais de chacun et ainsi de construire une forme d\u2019objectivit\u00e9 scientifique.
    Ce que nous n\u2019avons pas pu faire :<\/strong> Plusieurs acteurs-cl\u00e9 n\u2019ont malheureusement pas donn\u00e9 suite \u00e0 nos demandes d\u2019entretien, c\u2019est en particulier le cas de : 3 carriers sur 4 (Denjean Granulats, Sabli\u00e8res Malet, Midi Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es Granulats), leur syndicat professionnel UNICEM, la DREAL, la Pr\u00e9fecture de l\u2019Ari\u00e8ge, le Conseil G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l\u2019Ari\u00e8ge.
    Il faut dire que la question des gravi\u00e8res est sensible sur le territoire et que, pendant la dur\u00e9e de notre enqu\u00eate, l\u2019actualit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 agit\u00e9e. Nous avons donc fait de notre mieux pour naviguer dans ces eaux agit\u00e9es, mais l\u2019enqu\u00eate p\u00e2tit de n\u2019avoir pas pu recueillir ces points de vue sur la question.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    Chronologie de la controverse<\/h3>\n

    Muriel Dutrait<\/h4>\n
    \n

    Frise chronologique de la controverse, 2024.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Construite \u00e0 partir d’\u00e9l\u00e9ments issus d\u2019une enqu\u00eate, des entretiens et recherches documentaires.
    La frise d\u00e9bute en 2009, car c’est \u00e0 ce moment-l\u00e0 que les premi\u00e8res alertes et contestations sont \u00e9nonc\u00e9es publiquement par les associations environnementales, notamment par APRA-\u00ab Le Chabot \u00bb et APROVA. La chronologie s\u2019arr\u00eate en 2024, mais la controverse est encore en cours.
    Cette frise identifie quatre ensembles de faits qui constituent des points de bascule dans la controverse :<\/p>\n

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    1. le changement d’\u00e9chelle de l’extraction<\/strong> des granulats en basse Ari\u00e8ge, faisant passer le nombre de d\u2019entreprises de 2 \u00e0 4, et qui se caract\u00e9rise par l\u2019augmentation de la taille des exploitations et du volume de l\u2019extraction ;<\/li>\n
    2. l’entr\u00e9e des d\u00e9chets inertes dans la controverse<\/strong> avec l’autorisation de leur enfouissement dans les ICPE (Installations Class\u00e9es pour la Protection de l’Environnement) ;<\/li>\n
    3. le positionnement des collectivit\u00e9s locales<\/strong> contre le nouveau Sch\u00e9ma r\u00e9gional des carri\u00e8res ;<\/li>\n
    4. la cr\u00e9ation de Stop Gravi\u00e8res<\/a><\/strong> et les nouvelles formes de contestations militantes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      La frise s’organise autour de 5 th\u00e9matiques dont on peut lire les \u00e9l\u00e9ments en parall\u00e8le :<\/p>\n